Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Table Salt shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Table Salt offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Table Salt at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Table Salt? Wrong! If the Table Salt is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Table Salt then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Table Salt? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Table Salt and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Table Salt wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Table Salt then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Table Salt site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Table Salt, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Table Salt, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.



, which some use to prevent caking, China

Salt is a mineral Dietary mineral for animal life, composed primarily of sodium chloride. Salt for human consumption is produced in different forms: unrefined salt (such as sea salt), refined salt (sodium chloride), and iodised salt. It is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light grey in color, normally obtained from sea water or rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly greyish in color due to this mineral content.

Sodium and chlorine, the two components of salt, are necessary for the survival of all living creatures, including humans, but they need not be consumed as salt, where they are found together in very concentrated form. Some isolated cultures, such as the Yanomami in South America, have been found to consume little salt. Yanomami Indians in the INTERSALT study, (accessed13 January,2007) Salt is involved in regulating the water content (fluid balance) of the body. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes. Salt cravings may be caused by trace mineral deficiencies as well as by a deficiency of sodium chloride itself.

Overconsumption of salt can increase the risk of health problems, including hypertension. In food preparation, salt is used as a preservative and as a seasoning.

History See main article: History of salt At the dawn of civilization, salt's preservative ability eliminated dependency on the seasonal availability of food, allowed travel over long distances, and was a vital food additive. However, because salt (NaCl) was difficult to obtain, it became a highly valued trade item throughout history. Until the 1900s, salt was one of the prime movers of national economies and wars. Salt was often taxed; research has discovered this practice to have existed as early as the 20th century BC in China. By the Middle Ages, camel trains consisting of as many as forty thousand camels traversed four hundred miles of the Sahara bearing salt, sometimes trading it for slavery.

The first registers of salt use were produced around 4000 BC in Egypt, and later in Greece and Rome. Salt was very valuable and used to preserve and flavor foods. In Ancient Rome, salt was used as a currency. The Latin word salarium; meaning a payment made in salt, is the root of the word "salary." Unfortunately for those paid with salt, it was easily ruined by rain and other weather conditions. Payments to Roman workers and soldiers were made in salt.Bloch, David: Economics of NaCl: Salt made the world go round Salt was also given to the parents of the groom in marriage until the 8th century.

From the Phoenicians dates the evidence of harvesting solid salt from the sea. They also exported it to other civilizations. As a result of the increased salt supply from the sea, the value of salt depreciated. The harvest method used was flooding plains of land with seawater, then leaving the plains to dry. After the water dried, the salt which was left was collected and sold.

In the Mali Empire, merchants in 12th century Timbuktu—the gateway to the Sahara Desert and the seat of scholars—valued salt (NaCl) enough to buy it for its weight in gold; this trade led to the legends of the incredibly wealthy city of Timbuktu, and fueled inflation in Europe, which was importing the salt. Take a journey to Timbuktu, 13 January 2007 (accessed13 January,2007)

During his protests in India, Mohandas Gandhi performed the famous Salt Satyagraha to challenge the British Raj-imposed monopoly on salt.

In religion Among the ancients, as with ourselves, "sol" (sun) and "sal" (salt) were considered essential to the maintenance of life.

There are thirty-five references (verses) to salt in the Bible (King James Version), the most familiar probably being the story of Lot (biblical) wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed the angels and looked back at the wicked city of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26). In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus also referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4:6) so that when others enquire about their beliefs, the Christian's answer generates a 'thirst' to know more about Christ. Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass. Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (refer Gallican rite) that is employed in the Consecration of a Church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. The earliest Biblical mention of salt appears to be in reference to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-26)When King Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, held to have occurred in the thirteenth century BCE., he is said to have "sowed salt on it," this phrase expressing the completeness of its ruin. (Judges 9:45.)

In the native Japanese religion Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people, such as in Sumo Wrestling.

In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water.

Forms of salt Unrefined salt , Senegal.Different natural salts have different mineralities, giving each one a unique flavor. Fleur de sel, natural sea salt harvested by hand, has a unique flavor varying from region to region.

Some assert that unrefined sea salt is more healthy than refined salts.http://www.gomanzanillo.com/features/salt/index.htm However, completely raw sea salt is bitter due to magnesium and calcium compounds, and thus is rarely eaten. Other people think that raw sea and rock salts do not contain sufficient iodine salts to prevent iodine deficiency diseases like hypothyroidism.http://www.saltinstitute.org/iodine-seasalt.html

Refined salt image:Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006 a.jpg.Refined salt, which is most widely used presently, is mainly sodium chloride. Food grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialised countries (3% in EuropeEuropean Salt Producers' Association http://www.eu-salt.com/index3.htm) although world-wide, food uses account for 17.5% of salt productionRoskill Information Services http://www.roskill.com/reports/salt. The majority is sold for industrial use. Salt has great commercial value, because it is a necessary ingredient in the manufacturing of many things. A few common examples include: the production of pulp and paper, setting dyes in textiles and fabrics, and the making of soaps and detergents.

The manufacture and use of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries.http://www.salt.org.il/arch.html Salt is also obtained by evaporation of sea water, usually in shallow basins warmed by sunlight;http://nauticus.org/currwthrless043.html salt so obtained was formerly called bay salt, and is now often called sea salt or solar salt. Today, most refined salt is prepared from rock salt: mineral deposits high in salt. These rock salt deposits were formed by the evaporation of ancient salt lakes.UK Salt Manufacturers' Association http://www.saltsense.co.uk/aboutsalt-what01.htm These deposits may be mining conventionally or through the injection of water. Injected water dissolves the salt, and the brine solution can be pumped to the surface where the salt is collected.

After the raw salt is obtained, it is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. Purification usually involves recrystallization. In recrystallization, a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts).http://www.saltsense.co.uk/aboutsalt-prod02.htm Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln-dried.

Since the 1950's it has been common to add a trace of sodium hexacyanoferrate II to the brine; this acts as an anticaking agent by promoting irregular crystals.http://www.saltsense.co.uk/hist-chem08.htm Other anticaking agents (and potassium iodide, for iodised salt) are generally added after crystallization. These agents are hygroscopic chemicals which absorb humidity, keeping the salt crystals from sticking together. Some anticaking agents used are tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium alumino-silicate, and alumino-calcium silicate. Concerns have been raised regarding the possible toxic effects of aluminium in the latter two compounds; however, both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permit their use. http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/HE/HE-625.html The refined salt is then ready for packing and distribution.

Table salt

Table salt is refined salt, 99% sodium chloride.Nutritional analysis provided with Tesco Table Salt, from Tesco Stores Ltd (UK) states 38.9% sodium by weight which equals 98.9% sodium chloridehttp://www.wasalt.com.au/Table.html It usually contains substances that make it free flowing (anticaking agents) such as sodium silicoaluminate or magnesium carbonate. It is common practice to put a few grains of uncooked rice in salt shakers to absorb extra moisture when anticaking agents are not enough.

Iodized salt Iodized salt (British English: iodised salt), table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, or sometimes sodium iodide, or sodium iodate, is used to help reduce the chance of iodine deficiency in humans. Iodine deficiency commonly leads to thyroid gland problems, specifically endemic Goitre. Endemic goiter is a disease characterized by a swelling of the thyroid gland, usually resulting in a bulbous protrusion on the neck. While only tiny quantities of iodine are required in a diet (nutrition) to prevent goiter, the United States Food and Drug Administration recommends (21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)) 150 Kilogram#SI multiples of iodine per day for both men and women, and there are many places around the world where natural levels of iodine in the soil are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables.

Today, iodized salt is more common in the United States, Australia and New Zealand than in UK.Table salt is also often iodized—a small amount of potassium iodide (in the US) or potassium iodate (in the EU) is added as an important dietary supplement. Table salt is mainly employed in cooking and as a table condiment. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used.http://www.saltinstitute.org/37.html Iodine is important to prevent the insufficient production of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism), which can cause goitre, cretinism in children, and myxedema in adults.

Fluorinated salt In some European countries where Water fluoridation of drinking water is not practiced, fluorinated table salt is available. In France, 35% of sold table salt contains sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride.http://www.afssa.fr/Ftp/Afssa/26447-26448.pdf Another additive, especially important for pregnancy women, is Folic acid (Vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color.

Salty condiments In many Asian cultures, table salt is not traditionally used as a condiment.http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/pacificnw/2001/0729/taste.htmlHowever, condiments such as soy sauce, fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high salt content and fill much the same role as a salt-providing table condiment that table salt serves in western cultures.

Health effects Sodium is one of the primary electrolytes in the body. All four cationic electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) are available in unrefined salt, as are other vital minerals needed for optimal bodily function. Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to cramp, dizziness, or even an electrolyte disturbance, which can cause severe, even fatal, neurological problems.Australia: Better Health Channel (Australia, Victoria) Salt Drinking too much water, with insufficient salt intake, puts a person at risk of water intoxication (hyponatremia). Salt is even sometimes used as a health aid, such as in treatment of dysautonomia. Cleveland Clinic Health Information Center Dysautonomia page

People's risk for disease due to insufficient or excessive salt intake varies due to biochemical individuality. Some have asserted that while the risks of consuming too much salt are real, the risks have been exaggerated for most people, or that the studies done on the consumption of salt can be interpreted in many different ways.Why Files article Salt and other woundsGary Taubes, "The (Political) Science of Salt", Science, 14 August 1998, Vol. 281. no. 5379, pp. 898 - 907

Excess salt consumption has been linked to:

A large scale study by Nancy Cook et al shows that people with high-normal blood pressure who significantly reduced the amount of salt in their diet decreased their chances of developing cardiovascular disease by 25% over the following 10 to 15 years. Their risk of dying from cardiovascular disease decreased by 20%.BBC News Cutting salt 'reduces heart risk' 19 April 2007 Eating less salt could prevent cardiovascular disease

Recommended intake This section summarizes the salt intake recommended by the health agencies of various countries. Recommendations tend to be similar. Note that targets for the population as a whole tend to be pragmatic (what is achievable) while advice for an individual is ideal (what is best for health). For example, in the UK target for the population is "eat no more than 6 g a day" but for a person is 4 g.

Intakes can be expressed variously as salt or sodium and in various units.

United Kingdom: In 2003, the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommended that, for a typical adult, the Reference Nutrient Intake is 4 g salt per day (1.6 g or 70 mmol sodium). However, average adult intake is two and a half times the Reference Nutrient Intake for sodium. "Although accurate data are not available for children, conservative estimates indicate that, on a body weight basis, the average salt intake of children is higher than that of adults." SACN aimed for an achievable target reduction in average intake of salt to 6 g per day (2.4 g or 100 mmol sodium) — this is roughly equivalent to a teaspoonful of salt. The SACN recommendations for children are: SACN states, "The target salt intakes set for adults and children do not represent ideal or optimum consumption levels, but achievable population goals."

Republic of Ireland: The Food Safety Authority of Ireland endorses the UK targets "emphasising that the RDA of 1.6 g sodium (4 g salt) per day should form the basis of advice targeted at individuals as distinct from the population health target of a mean salt intake of 6 g per day."(, p16)

Canada: Health Canada recommends an Adequate Intake (AI) and an Upper Limit (UL) in terms of sodium.

New Zealand

Australia: The recommended dietary intake (RDI) is 0.92 g–2.3 g sodium per day (= 2.3 g–5.8 g salt)Better Health Channel (Australia, Victoria) Salt

USA: The Food and Drug Administration itself does not make a recommendationU. S. Food and Drug Administration A Pinch of Controversy Shakes Up Dietary Salt but refers readers to Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. These suggest that US citizens should consume less than 2,300 mg of sodium (= 2.3 g sodium = 5.8 g salt) per day.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 "Sodium and Potassium"

Labeling UK: The Food Standards Agency defines the level of salt in foods as follows: "High is more than 1.5g salt per 100g (or 0.6g sodium). Low is 0.3g salt or less per 100g (or 0.1g sodium). If the amount of salt per 100g is in between these figures, then that is a medium level of salt." In the UK, foods produced by some supermarkets and manufacturers have ‘traffic light’ colors on the front of the pack: Red (High), Amber (Medium), or Green (Low). Understanding labels

USA: The FDA Food Labeling Guide stipulates whether a food can be labelled as "free", "low", or "reduced/less" in respect of sodium. When other health claims are made about a food (e.g. low in fat, calories, etc.), a disclosure statement is required if the food exceeds 480mg of sodium per 'serving.'Food and Drug Administration A Food Labeling Guide--Appendix A

Campaigns In 2004, Britain's Food Standards Agency started a public health campaign called "Salt - Watch it", which recommends no more than 6g of salt per day; it features a character called Sid the Slug and was criticised by the Salt Manufacturers Association (SMA).Salt Manufacturers Association press release New salt campaign under attack The Advertising Standards Authority did not uphold the SMA complaint in its adjudication.Advertising Standards Authority Broadcast Advertising Adjudications: 20 April 2005 (PDF). In March 2007, the FSA launched the third phase of their campaign with the slogan "Salt. Is your food full of it?" fronted by comedienne Jenny Eclair. Salt TV ads

The Menzies Research Institute in Tasmania, Australia, maintains a website Salt Matters dedicated to educating people about the potential problems of a salt-laden diet.

Salt substitutes Salt intake can be reduced by simply reducing the quantity of salty foods in a diet, without recourse to salt substitutes. Salt substitutes have a taste similar to table salt and contain mostly potassium chloride, which will increase potassium intake. Excess potassium intake can cause hyperkalemia. Various diseases and medications may decrease the body's excretion of potassium, thereby increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. If you have kidney failure, heart failure or diabetes, seek medical advice before using a salt substitute. A manufacturer, LoSalt, has issued an advisory statementLoSalt Advisory Statement (PDF) that people taking the following prescription drugs should not use a salt substitute: Amiloride, Triamterene, Dytac, Spironolactone (Brand name Aldactone), Eplerenone and Inspra.

Production trends Salt is produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lake (geography)s, and by salt mine rock salt, called halite. In 2002, total world production was estimated at 210 million metric tonnes, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tonnes), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5), and Canada (12.3).Susan R. Feldman. Sodium chloride. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online 2005. Note that these figures are not just for table salt but for sodium chloride in general.

See also

References External links

Salt and health Government bodies Many other government bodies are listed in the References section above.

Medical authorities

Charities and campaigns

Journalism

Salt industry



Chemical data

Further reading



, which some use to prevent caking, China

Salt is a mineral Dietary mineral for animal life, composed primarily of sodium chloride. Salt for human consumption is produced in different forms: unrefined salt (such as sea salt), refined salt (sodium chloride), and iodised salt. It is a crystalline solid, white, pale pink or light grey in color, normally obtained from sea water or rock deposits. Edible rock salts may be slightly greyish in color due to this mineral content.

Sodium and chlorine, the two components of salt, are necessary for the survival of all living creatures, including humans, but they need not be consumed as salt, where they are found together in very concentrated form. Some isolated cultures, such as the Yanomami in South America, have been found to consume little salt. Yanomami Indians in the INTERSALT study, (accessed13 January,2007) Salt is involved in regulating the water content (fluid balance) of the body. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes. Salt cravings may be caused by trace mineral deficiencies as well as by a deficiency of sodium chloride itself.

Overconsumption of salt can increase the risk of health problems, including hypertension. In food preparation, salt is used as a preservative and as a seasoning.

History See main article: History of salt At the dawn of civilization, salt's preservative ability eliminated dependency on the seasonal availability of food, allowed travel over long distances, and was a vital food additive. However, because salt (NaCl) was difficult to obtain, it became a highly valued trade item throughout history. Until the 1900s, salt was one of the prime movers of national economies and wars. Salt was often taxed; research has discovered this practice to have existed as early as the 20th century BC in China. By the Middle Ages, camel trains consisting of as many as forty thousand camels traversed four hundred miles of the Sahara bearing salt, sometimes trading it for slavery.

The first registers of salt use were produced around 4000 BC in Egypt, and later in Greece and Rome. Salt was very valuable and used to preserve and flavor foods. In Ancient Rome, salt was used as a currency. The Latin word salarium; meaning a payment made in salt, is the root of the word "salary." Unfortunately for those paid with salt, it was easily ruined by rain and other weather conditions. Payments to Roman workers and soldiers were made in salt.Bloch, David: Economics of NaCl: Salt made the world go round Salt was also given to the parents of the groom in marriage until the 8th century.

From the Phoenicians dates the evidence of harvesting solid salt from the sea. They also exported it to other civilizations. As a result of the increased salt supply from the sea, the value of salt depreciated. The harvest method used was flooding plains of land with seawater, then leaving the plains to dry. After the water dried, the salt which was left was collected and sold.

In the Mali Empire, merchants in 12th century Timbuktu—the gateway to the Sahara Desert and the seat of scholars—valued salt (NaCl) enough to buy it for its weight in gold; this trade led to the legends of the incredibly wealthy city of Timbuktu, and fueled inflation in Europe, which was importing the salt. Take a journey to Timbuktu, 13 January 2007 (accessed13 January,2007)

During his protests in India, Mohandas Gandhi performed the famous Salt Satyagraha to challenge the British Raj-imposed monopoly on salt.

In religion Among the ancients, as with ourselves, "sol" (sun) and "sal" (salt) were considered essential to the maintenance of life.

There are thirty-five references (verses) to salt in the Bible (King James Version), the most familiar probably being the story of Lot (biblical) wife, who was turned into a pillar of salt when she disobeyed the angels and looked back at the wicked city of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:26). In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus also referred to his followers as the "salt of the earth". The apostle Paul also encouraged Christians to "let your conversation be always full of grace, seasoned with salt" (Colossians 4:6) so that when others enquire about their beliefs, the Christian's answer generates a 'thirst' to know more about Christ. Salt is mandatory in the rite of the Tridentine Mass. Salt is used in the third item (which includes an Exorcism) of the Celtic Consecration (refer Gallican rite) that is employed in the Consecration of a Church. Salt may be added to the water "where it is customary" in the Roman Catholic rite of Holy water. The earliest Biblical mention of salt appears to be in reference to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19:24-26)When King Abimelech destroyed the city of Shechem, held to have occurred in the thirteenth century BCE., he is said to have "sowed salt on it," this phrase expressing the completeness of its ruin. (Judges 9:45.)

In the native Japanese religion Shinto, salt is used for ritual purification of locations and people, such as in Sumo Wrestling.

In Aztec mythology, Huixtocihuatl was a fertility goddess who presided over salt and salt water.

Forms of salt Unrefined salt , Senegal.Different natural salts have different mineralities, giving each one a unique flavor. Fleur de sel, natural sea salt harvested by hand, has a unique flavor varying from region to region.

Some assert that unrefined sea salt is more healthy than refined salts.http://www.gomanzanillo.com/features/salt/index.htm However, completely raw sea salt is bitter due to magnesium and calcium compounds, and thus is rarely eaten. Other people think that raw sea and rock salts do not contain sufficient iodine salts to prevent iodine deficiency diseases like hypothyroidism.http://www.saltinstitute.org/iodine-seasalt.html

Refined salt image:Piles of Salt Salar de Uyuni Bolivia Luca Galuzzi 2006 a.jpg.Refined salt, which is most widely used presently, is mainly sodium chloride. Food grade salt accounts for only a small part of salt production in industrialised countries (3% in EuropeEuropean Salt Producers' Association http://www.eu-salt.com/index3.htm) although world-wide, food uses account for 17.5% of salt productionRoskill Information Services http://www.roskill.com/reports/salt. The majority is sold for industrial use. Salt has great commercial value, because it is a necessary ingredient in the manufacturing of many things. A few common examples include: the production of pulp and paper, setting dyes in textiles and fabrics, and the making of soaps and detergents.

The manufacture and use of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries.http://www.salt.org.il/arch.html Salt is also obtained by evaporation of sea water, usually in shallow basins warmed by sunlight;http://nauticus.org/currwthrless043.html salt so obtained was formerly called bay salt, and is now often called sea salt or solar salt. Today, most refined salt is prepared from rock salt: mineral deposits high in salt. These rock salt deposits were formed by the evaporation of ancient salt lakes.UK Salt Manufacturers' Association http://www.saltsense.co.uk/aboutsalt-what01.htm These deposits may be mining conventionally or through the injection of water. Injected water dissolves the salt, and the brine solution can be pumped to the surface where the salt is collected.

After the raw salt is obtained, it is refined to purify it and improve its storage and handling characteristics. Purification usually involves recrystallization. In recrystallization, a brine solution is treated with chemicals that precipitate most impurities (largely magnesium and calcium salts).http://www.saltsense.co.uk/aboutsalt-prod02.htm Multiple stages of evaporation are then used to collect pure sodium chloride crystals, which are kiln-dried.

Since the 1950's it has been common to add a trace of sodium hexacyanoferrate II to the brine; this acts as an anticaking agent by promoting irregular crystals.http://www.saltsense.co.uk/hist-chem08.htm Other anticaking agents (and potassium iodide, for iodised salt) are generally added after crystallization. These agents are hygroscopic chemicals which absorb humidity, keeping the salt crystals from sticking together. Some anticaking agents used are tricalcium phosphate, calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonates, fatty acid salts (acid salts), magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, sodium alumino-silicate, and alumino-calcium silicate. Concerns have been raised regarding the possible toxic effects of aluminium in the latter two compounds; however, both the European Union and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) permit their use. http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/HE/HE-625.html The refined salt is then ready for packing and distribution.

Table salt

Table salt is refined salt, 99% sodium chloride.Nutritional analysis provided with Tesco Table Salt, from Tesco Stores Ltd (UK) states 38.9% sodium by weight which equals 98.9% sodium chloridehttp://www.wasalt.com.au/Table.html It usually contains substances that make it free flowing (anticaking agents) such as sodium silicoaluminate or magnesium carbonate. It is common practice to put a few grains of uncooked rice in salt shakers to absorb extra moisture when anticaking agents are not enough.

Iodized salt Iodized salt (British English: iodised salt), table salt mixed with a minute amount of potassium iodide, or sometimes sodium iodide, or sodium iodate, is used to help reduce the chance of iodine deficiency in humans. Iodine deficiency commonly leads to thyroid gland problems, specifically endemic Goitre. Endemic goiter is a disease characterized by a swelling of the thyroid gland, usually resulting in a bulbous protrusion on the neck. While only tiny quantities of iodine are required in a diet (nutrition) to prevent goiter, the United States Food and Drug Administration recommends (21 CFR 101.9 (c)(8)(iv)) 150 Kilogram#SI multiples of iodine per day for both men and women, and there are many places around the world where natural levels of iodine in the soil are low and the iodine is not taken up by vegetables.

Today, iodized salt is more common in the United States, Australia and New Zealand than in UK.Table salt is also often iodized—a small amount of potassium iodide (in the US) or potassium iodate (in the EU) is added as an important dietary supplement. Table salt is mainly employed in cooking and as a table condiment. Iodized table salt has significantly reduced disorders of iodine deficiency in countries where it is used.http://www.saltinstitute.org/37.html Iodine is important to prevent the insufficient production of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism), which can cause goitre, cretinism in children, and myxedema in adults.

Fluorinated salt In some European countries where Water fluoridation of drinking water is not practiced, fluorinated table salt is available. In France, 35% of sold table salt contains sodium fluoride or potassium fluoride.http://www.afssa.fr/Ftp/Afssa/26447-26448.pdf Another additive, especially important for pregnancy women, is Folic acid (Vitamin B9), which gives the table salt a yellow color.

Salty condiments In many Asian cultures, table salt is not traditionally used as a condiment.http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/pacificnw/2001/0729/taste.htmlHowever, condiments such as soy sauce, fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high salt content and fill much the same role as a salt-providing table condiment that table salt serves in western cultures.

Health effects Sodium is one of the primary electrolytes in the body. All four cationic electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) are available in unrefined salt, as are other vital minerals needed for optimal bodily function. Too much or too little salt in the diet can lead to cramp, dizziness, or even an electrolyte disturbance, which can cause severe, even fatal, neurological problems.Australia: Better Health Channel (Australia, Victoria) Salt Drinking too much water, with insufficient salt intake, puts a person at risk of water intoxication (hyponatremia). Salt is even sometimes used as a health aid, such as in treatment of dysautonomia. Cleveland Clinic Health Information Center Dysautonomia page

People's risk for disease due to insufficient or excessive salt intake varies due to biochemical individuality. Some have asserted that while the risks of consuming too much salt are real, the risks have been exaggerated for most people, or that the studies done on the consumption of salt can be interpreted in many different ways.Why Files article Salt and other woundsGary Taubes, "The (Political) Science of Salt", Science, 14 August 1998, Vol. 281. no. 5379, pp. 898 - 907

Excess salt consumption has been linked to:

A large scale study by Nancy Cook et al shows that people with high-normal blood pressure who significantly reduced the amount of salt in their diet decreased their chances of developing cardiovascular disease by 25% over the following 10 to 15 years. Their risk of dying from cardiovascular disease decreased by 20%.BBC News Cutting salt 'reduces heart risk' 19 April 2007 Eating less salt could prevent cardiovascular disease

Recommended intake This section summarizes the salt intake recommended by the health agencies of various countries. Recommendations tend to be similar. Note that targets for the population as a whole tend to be pragmatic (what is achievable) while advice for an individual is ideal (what is best for health). For example, in the UK target for the population is "eat no more than 6 g a day" but for a person is 4 g.

Intakes can be expressed variously as salt or sodium and in various units.

United Kingdom: In 2003, the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommended that, for a typical adult, the Reference Nutrient Intake is 4 g salt per day (1.6 g or 70 mmol sodium). However, average adult intake is two and a half times the Reference Nutrient Intake for sodium. "Although accurate data are not available for children, conservative estimates indicate that, on a body weight basis, the average salt intake of children is higher than that of adults." SACN aimed for an achievable target reduction in average intake of salt to 6 g per day (2.4 g or 100 mmol sodium) — this is roughly equivalent to a teaspoonful of salt. The SACN recommendations for children are: SACN states, "The target salt intakes set for adults and children do not represent ideal or optimum consumption levels, but achievable population goals."

Republic of Ireland: The Food Safety Authority of Ireland endorses the UK targets "emphasising that the RDA of 1.6 g sodium (4 g salt) per day should form the basis of advice targeted at individuals as distinct from the population health target of a mean salt intake of 6 g per day."(, p16)

Canada: Health Canada recommends an Adequate Intake (AI) and an Upper Limit (UL) in terms of sodium.

New Zealand

Australia: The recommended dietary intake (RDI) is 0.92 g–2.3 g sodium per day (= 2.3 g–5.8 g salt)Better Health Channel (Australia, Victoria) Salt

USA: The Food and Drug Administration itself does not make a recommendationU. S. Food and Drug Administration A Pinch of Controversy Shakes Up Dietary Salt but refers readers to Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. These suggest that US citizens should consume less than 2,300 mg of sodium (= 2.3 g sodium = 5.8 g salt) per day.Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Department of Agriculture (USDA) Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 "Sodium and Potassium"

Labeling UK: The Food Standards Agency defines the level of salt in foods as follows: "High is more than 1.5g salt per 100g (or 0.6g sodium). Low is 0.3g salt or less per 100g (or 0.1g sodium). If the amount of salt per 100g is in between these figures, then that is a medium level of salt." In the UK, foods produced by some supermarkets and manufacturers have ‘traffic light’ colors on the front of the pack: Red (High), Amber (Medium), or Green (Low). Understanding labels

USA: The FDA Food Labeling Guide stipulates whether a food can be labelled as "free", "low", or "reduced/less" in respect of sodium. When other health claims are made about a food (e.g. low in fat, calories, etc.), a disclosure statement is required if the food exceeds 480mg of sodium per 'serving.'Food and Drug Administration A Food Labeling Guide--Appendix A

Campaigns In 2004, Britain's Food Standards Agency started a public health campaign called "Salt - Watch it", which recommends no more than 6g of salt per day; it features a character called Sid the Slug and was criticised by the Salt Manufacturers Association (SMA).Salt Manufacturers Association press release New salt campaign under attack The Advertising Standards Authority did not uphold the SMA complaint in its adjudication.Advertising Standards Authority Broadcast Advertising Adjudications: 20 April 2005 (PDF). In March 2007, the FSA launched the third phase of their campaign with the slogan "Salt. Is your food full of it?" fronted by comedienne Jenny Eclair. Salt TV ads

The Menzies Research Institute in Tasmania, Australia, maintains a website Salt Matters dedicated to educating people about the potential problems of a salt-laden diet.

Salt substitutes Salt intake can be reduced by simply reducing the quantity of salty foods in a diet, without recourse to salt substitutes. Salt substitutes have a taste similar to table salt and contain mostly potassium chloride, which will increase potassium intake. Excess potassium intake can cause hyperkalemia. Various diseases and medications may decrease the body's excretion of potassium, thereby increasing the risk of hyperkalemia. If you have kidney failure, heart failure or diabetes, seek medical advice before using a salt substitute. A manufacturer, LoSalt, has issued an advisory statementLoSalt Advisory Statement (PDF) that people taking the following prescription drugs should not use a salt substitute: Amiloride, Triamterene, Dytac, Spironolactone (Brand name Aldactone), Eplerenone and Inspra.

Production trends Salt is produced by evaporation of seawater or brine from other sources, such as brine wells and salt lake (geography)s, and by salt mine rock salt, called halite. In 2002, total world production was estimated at 210 million metric tonnes, the top five producers being the United States (40.3 million tonnes), China (32.9), Germany (17.7), India (14.5), and Canada (12.3).Susan R. Feldman. Sodium chloride. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published online 2005. Note that these figures are not just for table salt but for sodium chloride in general.

See also

References External links

Salt and health Government bodies Many other government bodies are listed in the References section above.

Medical authorities

Charities and campaigns

Journalism

Salt industry



Chemical data

Further reading



Sodium chloride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula Na Cl. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of the ...

Salt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Salt is a dietary mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride that is essential for animal life, but toxic to most land plants. Salt flavor is one of the basic tastes, and salt ...

Definition: sodium chloride from Online Medical Dictionary
table salt -->

BBC NEWS | Science/Nature | Mars is 'covered in table salt'
Mars appears to be dusted with the salt from huge dried up lakes, new evidence suggests. ... Mars appears to be covered in salt crystals from ancient dried-up lakes, new evidence ...

Himalayan Crstal Salt verses Common Table Salt
Himalayan Crystal Salt is more than sodium and chloride. Himalayan Crystal Salt can actually be viewed as food. When we speak of salt, we mean salt in its original form: holistic ...

Safety (MSDS) data for sodium chloride
Synonyms: extra fine 200 salt, extra fine 325 salt, H.G. blending, salt, sea salt, table salt, common salt, dendritis, rock salt, top flake, white crystal, saline, halite ...

Internet Microscope for Schools : Micrographs : Table Salt
This is a gram of common table salt. It's the type of salt you sprinkle on your food. This salt grain is a single crystal of Sodium Chloride (NaCl).

table salt - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about table salt
sodium chloride. White, crystalline compound found widely in nature. The crystals are cubic in shape. It is a typical ionic solid with a high melting point (801°C/1,474°F); it is ...

table salt definition of table salt in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
sodium chloride, NaCl, common salt. Properties. Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and insoluble or only slightly soluble in most other liquids.

BBC - Food - Glossary - 'S'
Sea salt is more highly prized than rock salt, which is mined from underground and needs to be further refined for cooking salt and table salt.

 

Table Salt



 
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